ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of low-cost nucleus fragmenting forceps designed to reduce the use of ultrasound during phacoemulsification. Methods: A total of 60 pig eyes enucleated 10 hours before were placed in the microwave oven, at maximum power for 10 seconds, to form cataracts with hardness comparable to a grade IV nucleus in the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Cataract extraction was performed using the Centurion® phacoemulsifier (Alcon Laboratories, Geneve, Switzerland) and Leica M620 microscope. All eyes were submitted to the pre-chop technique dividing the nucleus into four parts. After the pre-chop, the quadrants in 30 eyes were phacoemulsified with the torsional mode and were fragmented in the remaining 30 eyes after the pre-chop was with the fragmentation forceps before torsional mode phacoemulsification. The device was calibrated for all eyes by applying the following parameters: 40% linear torsional phacoemulsification; intraocular pressure of 65 mmHg; the linear vacuum of 600 mmHg; aspiration flow of 40 ccs/minute. After each procedure, the following was recorded: cumulative dissipated energy; equivalent average torsional amplitude; equivalent average ultrasonic power; estimated aspirated fluid; ultrasound total time; and total aspiration time. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction favoring the use of the nucleus fragmenting forceps in all parameters, except for the average torsional amplitude. Conclusion: The use of the nucleus fragmenting forceps contributed to improving the efficacy of torsional phacoemulsification in enucleated pig eyes.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de uma pinça fragmentadora de núcleo, de baixo custo, desenvolvida para reduzir o uso de ultrassom durante a emulsificação do núcleo. Métodos: Sessenta olhos de porco com 10 horas de enucleação foram colocados no forno de microondas, em potência máxima por 10 segundos, para a formação de catarata com dureza comparável à de um núcleo grau IV na Lens Opacities Classification System III. A extração da catarata foi realizada com o facoemulsificador Centurion® (Alcon Laboratories, Genebra, Suíça) e microscópio Leica M620. Todos os olhos foram submetidos a técnica de pre-chop, dividindo o núcleo em quatro partes. Em 30 olhos, após o pre-chop, foi feita a facoemulsificação dos quadrantes com o modo torsional e, nos outros 30 olhos, após o pre-chop, cada quadrante foi fragmentado com a pinça antes da facoemulsificação com o modo torsional. O aparelho foi calibrado para todos os olhos com os seguintes parâmetros: faco torsional linear 40%; pressão intraocular 65 mmHg; vácuo linear 600mmHg e fluxo de aspiração 40cc/minuto. Após cada procedimento, verificaram-se energia dissipada acumulada; média da amplitude do faco torsional; média equivalente do poder ultrassônico; líquido aspirado estimado; tempo total de ultrassom e tempo total de aspiração. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com o IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Valor de p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Resultados: Houve redução estatisticamente significante em favor do uso da pinça fragmentadora de núcleo em todos os parâmetros, menos na média de amplitude do faco torsional. Conclusão: O uso da pinça fragmentadora de núcleo contribuiu para melhorar a eficácia do faco torsional em olhos de porco enucleados.
Subject(s)
Animals , Surgical Instruments , Ultrasonic Therapy , Phacoemulsification/instrumentation , Phacoemulsification/methods , Lens Nucleus, Crystalline/surgery , Sonication/adverse effects , Swine , Cataract/classification , Eye EnucleationABSTRACT
Resumo Introdução: Os rastreamentos visuais realizados nas escolas são, às vezes, a única oportunidade de deteção dos erros de refração não corrigidos (ERN) causadores de baixa visual, prejuízo na aquisição do conhecimento, evasão e repetência escolar, habilidades motoras pobres, dificuldade na interação social e baixa autoestima nos escolares. Objetivos: Comparar a detecção de ERN em escolares do ensino fundamental por meio de rastreamento visual (medida da AV com a tabela de Snellen) e por photoscreener; avaliar a acurácia do SpotTM Vision Screener (Welch Allyn) como autorefrator comparando suas medidas de refração com as do autorrefrator Topcon KR 8000 (Japão) e levantar a proporção de óculos com a tecnologia ready to Clip™ que foram dispensados no momento da avaliação dos escolares. Métodos: Duzentos e noventa e sete escolares foram submetidos à rastreamento visual (ponto de corte: AV monocular ≤ 0,7 e/ou diferença duas linhas de Snellen entre os olhos), photoscreening (ponto de corte: hipermetropia ≥3,00D, miopia ≥0,75D e astigmatismo > 1D) e à mensuração do erro de refração sob cicloplegia com o photoscreener e o autorrefrator. Somente os dados de refração do olho direito foram analisados. Os achados foram convertidos em vetores de magnitude para análise. Resultados: Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade do método de rastreamento visual foram 67,2% e 63,5% e do photoscreening, foram 76,1% e 79,1%. A diferença da refração do SVS com o autorrefrator foi de +0,154 DE com -0,170 DC no eixo de 6 graus para o olho direito de cada paciente. Conclusões: Na população avaliada o método de rastreamento refrativo por photoscreener foi mais efetivo que o do rastreamento visual. A comparação dos resultados da refração sob cicloplegia com o autorrefrator validou o uso do photoscreener como um método de refração acurado para a mensuração de erros refrativos em escolares. A maioria dos escolares receberam os óculos com a tecnologia ready to Clip™ no momento da prescrição.
Abstract Background: The visual screening performed in schools is sometimes the only opportunity to detect uncorrected refraction errors (URE) causing low visual impairments, prejudice in the acquisition of knowledge, dropout and school repetition, poor motor skills, difficulty in social interaction and low self-esteem in schoolchildren. Objectives: To compare the detection of URE in elementary school children by visual screening (measurement of the AV with the Snellen table) and photoscreening; to evaluate the accuracy of the SpotTM Vision Screener (Welch Allyn) as an autorefractor by comparing its refraction measurements with those of the autorefractor Topcon KR 800 (Japan) and to verify the proportion of glasses with ready to ClipTM technology dispensed at the time of the students' evaluation. Methods: Two hundred ninety-seven students were submitted to visual screening (cutoff point: AV monocular ≤ 0.7 and/or difference two Snellen lines between the eyes), photoscreening (cutoff point: hypermetropia ≥ 3, 00D, myopia ≥ 0, 75D and astigmatism > 1D) and the measurement of the refraction error under cycloplegia with the photoscreener and autorefractor. Only the refraction data of the right eye were analyzed. The findings were converted into vectors of magnitude for analysis. Results: The sensitivity and specificity values of the visual screening method were 67.2% and 63.5% and photo screening were 76.1% and 79.1%. The mean difference between refraction by SVS and autorefractor was of + 0.154 SD combined with -0.170 DC in the 6-degree axis for the right eye of each patient. Conclusions: In the population evaluated the method of refractive screening by photoscreener was more effective than the visual screening. The comparison of the results of refraction under cycloplegia with the autorefractor validated the use of photoscreener as an accurate refraction method for the measurement of refractive errors in schoolchildren. The majority of the students received their glasses with ready to Clip™ technology at the time of prescription.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Refraction, Ocular , School Health Services , Vision Disorders/diagnosis , Visual Acuity , Eye Health , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological , Education, Primary and SecondaryABSTRACT
To evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of A. muricata on biodistribution of two radiopharmaceuticals: sodium phytate and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), both labeled with 99mtechnetium. METHODS: Twenty four Wistar rats were divided into two treated groups and two controls groups. The controls received water and the treated received 25mg/kg/day of A. muricata by gavage for ten days. One hour after the last dose, the first treated group received 99mTc-DMSA and the second sodium 99mTc-phytate (0.66MBq each group), both via orbital plexus. Controls followed the same protocol. Forty min later, all groups were sacrificed and the blood, kidney and bladder were isolated from the first treated group and the blood, spleen and liver isolated from the second treated group. The percentage of radioactivity per gram of tissue (%ATI/g) was calculated using a gamma counter. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed that there was a statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) in the uptake of %ATI/g in bladder (0.11±0.01and1.60±0.08), kidney (3.52±0.51and11.84±1.57) and blood (0.15±0.01and 0.54±0.05) between the treated group and control group, respectively. CONCLUSION: The A. muricata hydroalcoholic extract negatively influenced the uptake of 99mTc-DMSA in bladder, kidney and blood of rats.